What is the Difference Between Ideology and Theory?

06/24/2025 • Felipe Moraes

The main difference between ideology and theory lies in their definition and the way they are developed.

Ideology:

Refers to a set of beliefs, values, ideas, norms, and guidelines that are held in common by a group of individuals.
Ideologies are not scientifically proven or may not be considered right arguments.
They often represent the beliefs, thinking patterns, and lifestyles of a community.

Theory:

Refers to a model or framework that explains or predicts certain phenomena.
Theories are typically based on scientific research and can be proven or disproven with evidence.
They provide explanations to existing phenomena, rather than guiding principles or beliefs.

In summary, ideologies are beliefs or thoughts of people in a community, while theories provide explanations to existing phenomena. Ideologies may not be proven or disproven, while theories can be supported or refuted based on evidence.

Comparative Table: Ideology vs Theory

Here is a table highlighting the differences between ideology and theory:

Feature	Ideology	Theory
Definition	Ideology refers to the sum total of a person's values, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations.	A theory is a coherent explanation or description of a phenomenon, based on a set of concepts, laws, and principles.
Nature	Ideology is a value judgment derived from facts or value-neutral theories, such as metaphysics, epistemology, or human/existential nature.	A theory is a scientifically testable and falsifiable explanation or description of a phenomenon, validated through empirical evidence.
Influence	Ideology can shape policies and laws, as individuals holding office and positions of authority, and the people who elect them, are often influenced by their ideological beliefs.	Theories are used to understand and predict phenomena, and can be refined or replaced as new evidence is discovered.
Examples	Political ideologies, such as conservatism, liberalism, socialism, and anarchism, are sets of beliefs about how society should be run.	Scientific theories, such as the theory of gravity or the theory of evolution, are testable explanations of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence.

In summary, ideology is a set of values, beliefs, and expectations that influence an individual's worldview and can shape policies and laws, while a theory is a scientifically testable and falsifiable explanation or description of a phenomenon based on empirical evidence and validated through scientific methods.